Effects of Multispecies Probiotics on Growth, Hematology, and Gut Health of Stinging Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) in Biofloc System

Probiotics are gaining popularity both empirically and scientifically as eco-friendly alternatives in aquaculture. The present research proposed to examine the influences of selective probiotics on growth, hematology, microbes, morphology intestine stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) a biofloc system. Additionally, this study evaluated benefit–cost ratio (BCR) specific used Stinging fingerlings (average weight 0.86 ± 0.26 g) were equally distributed (250 fingerlings/400 L water-filled PVC tank) into three treatment groups reared for 16 weeks. Two commercial (CP-1 CP-2) one laboratory-developed probiotic study. results showed significantly higher growth (weight gain rate), feed efficiency, improved intestinal microbiota, enhanced fish with Moreover, indicators increased immune responses, such enhancements mucosal fold, width enterocytes lamina propria, abundance goblet cells, also observed probiotics. BCR, which determined business profitability, was highest Therefore, suggest that economically viable environmentally friendly stimulators culture